Street, curb and boarding interface.

RESEARCH FINDING

What the evidence supports.

Interaction studies, prototypes, curb observations and historical incidents inform the questions. They do not set local geometry or boarding times.

The connection from a study to this decision is an analyst interpretation. Study conditions, methods, funding and limitations are available in the approved research library.

• SAF-02 — Building a credible case for safety: Waymo’s approach for the determination of absence of unreasonable Risk · Claim, method and source location
• SAF-03 — Zoox Safety Case Framework (2026) · Claim, method and source location
• SAF-05 — Comparison of Waymo Rider-Only Crash Rates by Crash Type to Human Benchmarks at 56.7 Million Miles · Claim, method and source location
• SAF-06 — Benchmarks for retrospective automated driving system crash rate analysis using police-reported crash data · Claim, method and source location
• SAF-07 — System-Level Safety Monitoring and Recovery for Perception Failures in Autonomous Vehicles · Claim, method and source location
• SAF-08 — SimLingo: Vision-Only Closed-Loop Autonomous Driving with Language-Action Alignment · Claim, method and source location
• AC01 — Design Guidelines for Accessible Automated Vehicles: Mobility Focus · Claim, method and source location
• AC02 — Design Guidelines for Accessible Automated Vehicles: Mobility Focus · Claim, method and source location
• AC03 — Independent Safety for Wheelchair Users in Automated Vehicles · Claim, method and source location
• AC04 — Independent Safety for Wheelchair Users in Automated Vehicles · Claim, method and source location
• AC05 — Volunteer Evaluation of Wheelchair Accessibility in Vehicles · Claim, method and source location
• AC06 — Development of an Automated Wheelchair Tiedown and Occupant Restraint System · Claim, method and source location
• AC07 — Can Cars Gesture? A Case for Expressive Behavior Within Autonomous Vehicle and Pedestrian Interactions · Claim, method and source location
• AC08 — Investigating External Interaction Modality and Design Between Automated Vehicles and Pedestrians at Crossings · Claim, method and source location
• AC09 — VTTI-05-086 A Data Driven Approach to the Development and Evaluation of Acoustic Electric Vehicle Alerting Systems for Vision Impaired Pedestrians · Claim, method and source location
• AC10 — Evaluation of automated vehicles encountering pedestrians at unsignalized crossings · Claim, method and source location
• SP-01 — 05-096 Curb Management Practices and Effectiveness in Improving Safety · Claim, method and source location
• SP-02 — The Future of Parking: Safety Benefits and Challenges · Claim, method and source location
• SP-03 — The Future of Parking: Safety Benefits and Challenges · Claim, method and source location
• SP-06 — Evaluation of the Energy Efficiency in a Mixed Traffic with Automated Vehicles and Human Controlled Vehicles · Claim, method and source location
• SP-07 — Routing autonomous vehicles in congested transportation networks: structural properties and coordination algorithms · Claim, method and source location
• OP04 — On Being Prepared: Automated Vehicle Incident Management Exercise Practices · Claim, method and source location
• AB-01 — 02-010 Final Research Report: Safety Perceptions of Transportation Network Companies (TNCs) by the Blind and Visually Impaired · Claim, method and source location
• AB-02 — Safe to Approach: Insights on Autonomous Vehicle Interaction Protocols with First Responders · Claim, method and source location
• AB-06 — Buffalo Phase 2 Comprehensive Maintenance and Operations Plan · Claim, method and source location
• AB-08 — Autonomous Shuttle Operation for Vulnerable Populations · Claim, method and source location
• SR-01 — Projecting Travelers into a World of Self-Driving Vehicles: Estimating Travel Behavior Implications via a Naturalistic Experiment · Claim, method and source location
• SR-03 — Cost, Energy, and Environmental Impact of Automated Electric Taxi Fleets in Manhattan · Claim, method and source location
• SR-07 — Development and Evaluation of a Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything Enabled Energy-Efficient Dynamic Routing Application · Claim, method and source location
• SD-01 — Sim2Val: Leveraging Correlation Across Test Platforms for Variance-Reduced Metric Estimation · Claim, method and source location
• SD-02 — Waymo Part 573 Safety Recall Report 24E-049 · Claim, method and source location
• SD-03 — NHTSA ODI Closing Resume PE24016: Unexpected ADS behavior · Claim, method and source location
• SD-04 — NHTSA ODI Closing Resume PE24015: Rear-end Collisions Involving Zoox Vehicles · Claim, method and source location
• SD-05 — NHTSA ODI Opening Resume PE26001: Waymo AV striking a child in the area of a school · Claim, method and source location
• SD-06 — Design Guidelines for Accessible Automated Vehicles: Mobility Focus · Claim, method and source location

COUNTEREVIDENCE & DISCONFIRMATION

What could change the decision.

Equivalent conventional/shared arrangements complete the brief with lower full burden, or the new layout creates unacceptable obstruction/exclusion.

This is a contrary case to test. The linked claim cards distinguish observed contrary findings from proposed project tests.

REMAINING QUESTIONS

What the project still needs to establish.

• Actual vehicle geometry and user devices; local demand and crossing behavior; ownership and adopted access requirements.

Before making the commitment

Actual fleet geometry, user/device tasks, local demand/dwell distributions, crossing behavior and required professional review.

FOLLOW THE CONNECTION

Research, clauses and project facts.

A relevant clause may depend on jurisdiction, service type, funding, adopted edition and the work being proposed. A research finding does not establish legal applicability.

The approved library shows examined provisions and analyst connections separately from standards records that have only been screened as candidates.

How this page fits the research.

Possibility Atlas references: AU02, AU05, AU09. Synthesis themes: I01, I02, I03, I04, I05, I07.

These identifiers connect the desk research. They do not indicate field validation, an agreed project brief or a compliance determination. This web guidance does not revise the existing book editions.